Footnotes

(1) Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, t. 1, p. 532.

(2) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 6, p. 227.

(3) Zarkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 2, p. 103. Refer also to :

- Qanawati Georges: "Al-Khayma al-Arabia" in the"Encyclopedia of the Histrory of Arabian Sciences, Part III, by Dr. Rushdi Rashed, Centre of Pan-Arab Studies, Beirut, p. 1105.

- Tawkan Qadri: Arabian Sciences, p. 97.

(4) Hakim Mohamad Said, Eminent Figures and Thinkers, p. 41.

(5) Sarton. op. cit., p. 532.

(6) Scientists and Thinkers, p. 42.

(7) Sarton. op. cit., p. 532.

(8) Zarkali, Ibid., p. 103.

(9) Aldo Milli,  Arabian Science and its Impacts on Scientific Development in the World.

(10) Zarkali, ibid., p. 116.

(11) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 161.

(12) Aldo Milli,  Arabian Sciences, p. 154.

(13) Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 9, p. 18.

(14) Aldo Milli,  Arabian Science, p. 154.

(15) Ibid., p. 154.

(16) Firdaous al-Hikma, Annoted by Mohamad Zubair Seddiki.

(17) Aldo Milli,  Science and Arabs, p. 131.

(18) Ibn Khalkan, Death of Eminent Figures, vol. 5, p. 159.

(19) Ibn Nadim, Index, 1, p. 593.

(20) Aldo Milli, op. cit., p. 133.

(21) Sarton: op. cit., t. 1, p. 565.

(22) Ahmed Abdelbaki, Landmarks of the Islamic Civilization in the 3rd century H., p. 541.

(23) Zerkali, Eminent Figures, vol. 4, p. 288.

(24) Sarton, op. cit., t. 1, p. 567.

(25) Sarton, ibid,. p. 567.

(26) Aldo Milli, op. cit., p. 167.

(27) Sarton, op. cit., t. 1, p. 566.

(28) Ahmad Yussuf Hassan: Introduction of the Annotation of Kitab Al Hiyal, Banu Musa, Damscus, 1981, p. 18.

(29) Tawkan: op. cit., p. 187.

(30) Ahmad Yussuf Hassan, ibid., p. 19.

(31) Hunkah, "the Sun of Arabs Shines on the West", p. 124.

(32) Tawkan, Kadri, Arabian Sciences, p. 112.

(33) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 1483.

(34) Hakim Muhammad Said, Eminent Figures and Thinkers, p. 50

(35) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 170.

(36) Ibid., p. 179.

(37) Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, p. 559.

(38) Tawkan, Ibid., p. 168.

(39) Hakim Muhammad Said, Idem., p. 50.

(40) Tawkan,: Ibid., p. 175.

(41) Zarkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 8, p. 195.

(42) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 463.

(43) Ibn Khalkan, Death of Eminent Figures, vol. 5, p. 157.

(44) Ibn Khalkan,  op. cit., p. 173.

(45) Aldo Milli, Arabian Sciences, p. 173.

(46) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 220.

(47) Ibid., p. 221

(48) Aldo Milli, Arabian Science, p. 171.

(49) Tawkan, ibid., p. 218.

(450) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 463.

(51) Arnold, ibid., p. 463.

(52) Ahmed Abdelbaki, Landmarks of Islamic Civilization in the 3rd century of the Hegira, p. 537.

(53) Hunkah, Ibid., p. 247.

(54) Human Heritage Magazine, Vol. 3, p. 183.

(55) Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, p. 326.

(56) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 241

(57) Sarton, op. cit., p. 602,

(58) Tawkan, op. cit., p. 245.

(59) Tawkan, op. cit., p. 246.

(60) Tawkan, op. cit., p. 241.

(61) Hunkah, Arabs' Sun Shines on the West, p. 162.

(62) Zerkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 7, p. 20.

(63) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 2, p. 570.

(64) Human Heritage Magazine, Vol. 2, p. 569.

(65) Zahoor, Muslim History.

(66) Sarton, op. cit., p. 628.

(67) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 582.

(68) Hunkah, op. cit,. p. 163.

(69) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 1, p. 861.

(70) Dr. Othman Amin annotated and published the Arabic text in 1949 in Cairo.

(71) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 1, p. 862.

(72) Sarton, op. cit., p. 665.

(73) Hunkah, Arabs' Sun Shines on the West, p. 151.

(74) Aldo Mielli, Arabian Science, p. 213.

(75) Aldo Mielli, op. cit., p. 218.

(76) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 223

(77) Sarton, op. cit., p. 666.

(78) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 227.

(79) Tawkan, Idem., p. 277.

(80) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 581.

(81) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 433.

(82) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 227.

(83) Zarkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 7. p. 224.

(84) Zarkali, ibid., p. 224.

(85) Adifa', Contribution of Arab and Muslim Scientists in Zoology, p. 369.

(86) Adifa', ibid., pp. 370-379.

(87) Sarton, op. cit., p. 668.

(88) Sarton, ibid., p. 668.

(89) Zarkali, ibid., vol. 7, p. 224.

(90) Sarton, op. cit., p. 682.

(91) Zigrid Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West, p. 288.

(92) Zarkali, Eminent Figures, vol. 1, p. 85.

(93) Aldo Milli, Arabian Sciences, p. 213.

(94) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 145.

(95) Tawkan, Arabian Sciences, p. 150.

(96) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1, p. 304.

(97) Ibid., p. 288.

(98) Some sources referred to him mistakenly as al-Kuhi. See Dr. Rushdi Rashed, Geometric Science and Landscapes in the 4th century H. (Ibn Sahl- al-Quhi, Ibn al-Haytam), Pan-Arab Study Centre. History of Sciences during the Arab Rule (5), Beirut, 1996, p. 167, p. 376.

(99) Ad-Difa', Exact Sciences in Arab Islamic Civilization, p. 396.

(100) Sarton, op. cit., p. 665.

(101) Ad-Difa', Ibid., p. 395.

(102) Zarkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 9, p. 152.

(103) Ad-Difa', ibid., p. 400.

(104) Sarton, op. cit., p. 718.

(105) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 282.

(106) Aldo Milli, Arabian Science, p. 220.

(107) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 1450.

(108) Tawkan, ibid., p. 284.

(109) Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, p. 709 .

(110) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 19.

(111) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 323.

(112) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia,  p. 19.

(113) Tawkan, ibid., p. 311.

(114) Sarton, ibid., p. 710.

(115) Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West, p. 272.

(116) Sarton, op. cit., p. 710.

(117) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 476.

(118) Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West, p. 162.

(119) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 471.

(120) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 478.

(121) Sarton, op. cit., p. 721.

(122) Tawkan,Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 297.

(123) Tukan, ibid., p. 300.

(124) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 478.

(125) Tawkan, ibid., p. 302.

(126) Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West.

(127) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 29.

(128) Arnold, the Heritage of Islam, p. 476.

(129) Sarton, op. cit., p. 707.

(130) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 2. p. 406.

(131) Tukan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 311.

(132) Sarton. op. cit., p. 708.

(133) Tawkan, ibid.,  p. 313.

(134) Tawkan, ibid.,  p. 313.

(135) Sarton, op. cit., p. 729.

(136) Zarkali, Eminent Figures, vol. 4, p. 289.

(137) Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West, p. 240.

(138) Aldo Milli, Arabian Science, p. 252.(139) Zarkali, Eminent Figures, vol. 1, p. 79.

(140) Sarton, op. cit., p. 758.

(141) Sarton, ibid., p. 759.

(142) Zahoor, Muslim History.

(143) Arnold, The Heritage of Islam, p. 588.

(144) Hunkah, ibid., p. 137.

(145) Ibn Khalkan, Death of Eminent Figures, vol 2, p. 267.

(146) Marizen, Scientific Life in Iraq during Seljouqi Rule, p. 493.

(147) Marizen, Ibid., p. 501.

(148) The Simplified Arab Encyclopedia, p. 12.

(149) Sarton, op. cit., p. 772.

(150) Sarton, op. cit., p. 759.

(151) Hakim Mohamed Said, Eminent Figures and Thinkers, p. 47.

(152) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 769.

(153) Zarkali, Eminent Figures, vol. 5, p. 18.

(154) Aldo Milli, Arabian Science,  p. 223.

(155) The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1, p. 95.

(156) Ibid., p. 95.

(157) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 3, p. 819.

(158) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 10.

(159) Tawkan, Arabian Scientific Heritage in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 823.

(160) Human Heritage Magazine,  p. 823.

(161) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1,  p. 184.

(162) Ibn Zuhr, “At-Taysirfi al-mudawat wa at-tadbir (Manual of Treatments and Diet).

(163) Marhaba, "Al-Jame'a fi Tarikh al-Ulum 'inda al-Arab" (History of Arabian Sciences), p. 272.

(164) Mohamed Larbi Khattabi, Medicine and Doctors in Islamic Andalusia, vol. 1, p. 285.

(165) Hunkah, Arab's Sun Shines on the West, p. 279.

(166) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 17.

(167) Ibn Zuhr, op. cit., p. 29.

(168) Khattabi, op. cit., p. 283.

(169) Khattabi, op. cit., p. 283.

(170) Encyclpaedia of Islam, vol. 1,  p. 212.

(171) Ibid., p. 203.

(172) Ibn Tufayl, Texts and Studies,  p. 53.

(173) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 20.

(174) Zarkali, Eminent Figures and Personalities, vol. 5, p. 318.

(175) Human Heritage Magazine, vol.  3, p. 153.

(176) Human Heritage Magazine, vol.  3, p. 154.

(177) Preface of the Annotator of the book " Ibn Rushd's Generalities in Medicine, pp. 6-9.

(178) Ibid., pp. 6-9.

(179) Talili, Ibn Roshed, the philosopher, pp.  69-72.

(180) Hakim Muhammad Said, Eminent Figures and Scientists, p. 34.

(181) Muhammad Larbi al-Khattabi, op. cit., p. 328.

(182) Marhaba, The exhaustive book about the history of Arab sciences, p. 372.

(183) Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 11, p. 56.

(184) Marhaba, ibid., p. 372.

(185) Mrizen, Scientific Life in Iraq under the Seljukid Rule, p. 516.

(186) Marhaba, ibid., p. 372.

(187) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 16.

(188) Marhaba, ibid., p. 372.(189) Zahoor, Muslim History.

(190) Honkeh, The sun of Arabs, p. 201.

(191) Arnold, Islamic Heritage, p. 588.

(192) Ad-Difaa, Contribution of Muslim Arab Scientists in Zoology, pp. 334-335.

(193) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 329.

(194) Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 1, p. 104.

(195) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 333.

(196) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 331.

(197) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 330.

(198) Tuquan, The Arab scientific heritage in mathematics and astronomy, p. 407.

(199) Zerkali, op. cit., vol. 7, p. 30.

(200) Tuquan, ibid., p. 407.

(201) Zerkali, ibid., p. 30.

(202) Tuquan, ibid., p. 409.

(203) Arnold, op. cit., p. 591.

(204) Arnold, op. cit., p. 590.

(205) Tuquan, ibid., p. 410.

(206) Human Heritage Magazine, vol. 1, p. 68.

(207) Ibid., p. 69.

(208) Zerkali, Scientists, vol.  4, p. 270.

(209) Honkeh, op. cit.,  p. 264.

(210) The Simplified Arabic Encyclopedia, p. 29.

(211) Honkeh, p. 265.

(212) The human heritage, pp. 70-71.

(213) Published by ISESCO.

(214) Tuquan, Aforementioned reference, p. 416.

(215) Tuquan, ibid., pp. 17-416.

(216) Abdallah Guennun, The Moroccan genius in the Arab literature, p. 156.

(217) Ibrahim Harakat, Morocco throughout history, v. 1, p. 360.

(218) Zerkali, Scientists, v. 8, p. 65.

(219) Tuquan, aforementioned reference, p. 425.

(220) Ad-Difaa, The exact sciences in th Muslim Arab civilization, p. 338.

(221) Tuquan, aforementioned, p. 426.

(222) Ad-Difaa, aforementioned reference, p. 341.

(223) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. 1, p. 102.

(224) Ahmed Jabbar, Mohammed Ablagh, Life and works of al-Banaa, p. 26.

(225) Ibrahim Harakat, Moroco throughout History, p. 158.

(226) Tuquan, The Arab scientific heritage in mathematics and astronomy, p. 430.

(227) The Islamic Encyclopaedia, v. 1, p. 102.

(228) Tuquan, aforementioned reference, p. 430.

(229) Mohemmed Mannuni, pages on the Merinid civilization, 338.

(230) Zerkali, Scientists, vol. 4, p. 251.

(231) Ad-Difaa, op. cit., p. 421.

(232) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 422.

(233) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 423.

(234) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 423.

(235) Ad-Difaa, ibid., p. 422.

(236) Ad-Difaa, The summary in the Muslim Arab scientific heritage, p. 184.

(237) Ibid., p. 184.

(238) Ibid., p. 185.

(239) Arnold, Islamic Heritage, p. 588.

(240) Tuquan, Scientific Heritage of Arabs in Mathematics and Astronomy, p. 444.

(241) Tuquan, ibid., p. 448.

(242) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol.  2, p. 513.

(243) Tuquan, ibid., p. 448.

(244) Omar Ferrukh, History of sciences of the Arabs, p. 175.

(245) Encyclopedia of Islam, vol.